| Romantic Piano and Song |  | Samuel Barber Knoxville: Summer of 1915, Op. 24
Composed in 1947 on commission from soprano Eleanor Steber, Knoxville: Summer of 1915 sets to music a text by James Agee chosen from a collection of prose and poetry, The Partisan Reader: Ten Years of “Partisan Review,”1934-1944: An Anthology. Agee’s text subsequently became the prologue to his autobiographical novel, A Death in the Family, which was published posthumously and awarded a Pulitzer Prize.
Agee describes an idyllic scene from his childhood: the sights, sounds and smells on a lazy summer afternoon and evening while he was sitting on the porch or lying in the back yard of his family's home in Knoxville, Tennessee. Barber set Agee’s text as poetry, adjusting it into lines that clarify the rhythmic pattern. He wrote to his friend the composer Sidney Homer: “…the summer evening he describes in his native southern town reminded me so much of similar evenings when I was a child at home…it expresses a child’s feeling of loneliness, wonder and lack of identity in that marginal world between twilight and sleep.”
The text has a simple syllabic setting, appropriate to the character of childhood. But this is more than a set of fleeting images; rather, it comprises a small but intense drama as the child passes from innocence to a realization of the sorrows of life. After a short instrumental introduction, the meter shifts to a rocking melody that becomes the unifying musical element in the monologue. 
The idyll, however, is suddenly interrupted by the excitement of the modern world of automobiles and streetcars, their horns and bells imitated in the orchestra, drawing the child out of his reverie. As the child’s attention turns back to the intimacy of the family and his own back yard, the opening theme returns but blends into a new lyrical melody as the child lovingly describes his family. The reverie is again interrupted upon a sudden intrusion of the cares and dangers of adulthood. He mouths an anxious prayer to God for his family. As he describes the ritual of bedtime, the opening theme returns, almost as if lulling him out of his fears and into sleep. Yet, once touched by the image of sorrow, he is permanently changed as he falls asleep questioning his own fate and identity. 
It has become that time of evening
when people sit on their porches,
rocking gently and talking gently
and watching the street and the standing up into their sphere of possession of the trees, of birds' hung havens, hangars.
People go by; things go by.
A horse, drawing a buggy,
breaking his hollow iron music on the asphalt;
a loud auto; a quiet auto;
people in pairs, not in a hurry,
scuffling, switching their weight of aestival body,
talking casually, the taste hovering over them
of vanilla, strawberry, pasteboard and starched milk,
the image upon them of lovers and horsemen,
squared with clowns in hueless amber.
A streetcar raising its iron moan;
stopping, belling and starting; stertorous;
rousing and raising again its iron increasing moan
and swimming its gold windows and straw seats
on past and past and past,
the bleak spark crackling and cursing above it
like a small malignant spirit set to dog its tracks;
the iron whine rises on rising speed;
still risen, faints; halts;
the faint stinging bell;
rises again, still fainter,
fainting, lifting, lifts, faints foregone:
forgotten.
Now is the night one blue dew.
Now is the night one blue dew, my father has drained, he has coiled the hose.
Low on the length of lawns, a frailing of fire who breathes....
Parents on porches: rock and rock. From damp strings morning glories hang their ancient faces.
The dry and exalted noise of the locusts from all the air at once enchants my eardrums.
On the rough wet grass of the back yard
my father and mother have spread quilts.
We all lie there,
my mother, my father, my uncle, my aunt,
and I too am lying there....
First we were sitting up,
Then one of us lay down,
And then we all lay down,
On our stomachs, or on our sides, or on our backs,
And they have kept on talking.
They are not talking much, and the talk is quiet,
of nothing in particular,
of nothing at all in particular,
of nothing at all.
The stars are wide and alive,
they seem each like a smile of great sweetness,
and they seem very near.
All my people are larger bodies than mine,...
Quiet, with voices gentle and meaningless
like the voices of sleeping birds.
One is an artist, he is living at home.
One is a musician, she is living at home.
One is my mother who is good to me.
One is my father who is good to me.
By some chance, here they are, all on this earth;
and who shall ever tell the sorrow
of being on this earth,
lying, on quilts, on the grass, in a summer evening,
among the sounds of the night.
May God bless my people, my uncle, my aunt, my mother, my good father, oh, remember them kindly in their time of trouble;
and in the hour of their taking away.
After a little I am taken in and put to bed.
Sleep, soft smiling, draws me unto her;
and those receive me, who quietly treat me,
as one familiar and well-beloved in that home:
but will not, oh, will not,
not now, not ever;
but will not ever tell me who I am.
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 |  |  | Samuel Barber Symphony No. 1, Op. 9
The lush lyricism of Samuel Barber and other Neo-Romantics – including William Schuman, Howard Hanson and Leonard Bernstein – were sidelined after World War II by the academic dominance of atonality and serialism in American classical music. Although Barber and his “retro” colleagues eschewed the avant-garde in favor of old-fashioned tonality and elegant melodic lines, they introduced into their music harmonies and intervals that would have shocked the audiences of the late nineteenth century.
But it was not enough to make them acceptable, and they were in good company: on the bench with them were the vast majority of American audience members. During the past 20 years, however, these mid-twentieth-century works are being resurrected and even imitated with the return to a more eclectic, and even tonal, array of musical styles.
In his childhood, Barber showed a prodigious musical talent; he was encouraged by his family, especially his aunt and uncle, the contralto Louise Homer and composer Sidney Homer. The two served as his mentor for more than 25 years and profoundly influenced his aesthetic development. At age 14 he enrolled in the newly founded Curtis School of Music in Philadelphia, studying voice, piano and composition, graduating in 1934. Two of his early compositions, a Violin Sonata in 1928 and his first published large-scale work, The School for Scandal Overture (1931), won him prestigious prizes and, more importantly, public performances that brought him to the attention of the leading conductors of the day.
During the height of the Depression in 1935, Barber won the prestigious American Prix de Rome, which gave him the opportunity of two artistically and financially worry-free years of study and work at the American Academy in Rome, where he rubbed shoulders with other young artists and an enlightened and progressive faculty. One of the first products of this sojourn was the Symphony No.1, completed in 1936.
The work was an instant success. Italian conductor Bernadino Molinari programmed it immediately with his orchestra in Rome, and in the following year it premiered in the US with the Cleveland Symphony and the New York Philharmonic, then in August Artur Rodzinski conducted it at the Salzburg Festival, where it was the first performance of a work by an American composer.
The Symphony, modeled after Jean Sibelius’ one-movement Symphony No. 7. While it is in one movement, the divisions between the four sections are clearly discernable. Unlike Sibelius, however, but in line with such late Romantics as Tchaikovsky, Barber incorporates three themes into the fabric of the entire Symphony, the first three opening musical ideas – repeated several times so that they are hard to forget. Their fascinating transformations through the classic introduction/allegro, scherzo, slow movement and majestic finale combine with moments of powerful solemnity and even anxiety. Especially effective is the writing for timpani and in the “scherzo,” for the bassoon.
Barber's own analysis of his Symphony can readily provide the framework for illustrative examples. “The form of my Symphony in One Movement is a synthetic treatment of the four-movement classical symphony. It is based on three themes of the initial Allegro non troppo, which retain throughout the work their fundamental character. The Allegro opens with the usual exposition of a main theme , a more lyrical second theme , and a closing theme . After a brief development of the three themes, instead of the customary recapitulation, the first theme in diminution forms the basis of a scherzo section (Vivace) . The second theme (oboe over muted strings) then appears in augmentation , in an extended Andante tranquillo. An intense crescendo introduces the finale, which is a short passacaglia (Chaconne) based on the first theme (introduced by the cellos and contra-bassoons) , over which, together with figures from other themes, the closing theme is woven, thus serving as a recapitulation for the entire symphony.” 
Incidentally, one suspects that Barber conceived of the Finale first since all three themes can be woven together harmonically and contrapuntally. |
 |  |  |  |  |  | | Sergey Rachmaninov |  | | 1873-1943 |  |  | Sergey Rachmaninov Piano Concerto No. 2 in C minor, Op. 18
Sergey Rachmaninov grew up in a middle-class musical family, but under strained economic conditions. His father, a gambler and an alcoholic, squandered the family’s fortune to the point that eventually his mother and father separated and she had to sell what remained of the family’s assets and move into a small apartment in St. Petersburg. Sergey – whose care in better times would have been entrusted to a nanny – consequently grew up with little supervision.
His schooling suffered as a result. Although he showed early promise as a pianist and obtained a scholarship to study at the St. Petersburg Conservatory, the administration threatened to expel him for failing to attend classes. He subsequently transferred to the Moscow Conservatory where his initial attempts at composing were discouraged by his mentor, Nikolay Zverev, in whose home he lived for a while. Nevertheless, he continued to march to his own drummer, defying his teacher and transferring to classes in counterpoint and composition.
Clearly, his sense of his own worth was more accurate than that of his professors. While still a student, he produced a string of successful works, including the tone poem Prince Rostislav, his First Piano Trio, and a flood songs and piano pieces. For his graduation in 1892 he composed the opera Aleko, which won him the highest distinction, the Great Gold Medal. The same year he also composed the Prelude in C-sharp minor, a work whose inordinate fame haunted him all his life because audiences always expected – and demanded – it as an encore at his performances as one of history’s greatest pianists.
By 1895 Rachmaninov felt confident enough to compose a symphony. The premiere took place in St. Petersburg in 1897 but was a dismal failure, in large part because to the shoddy conducting of Alexander Glazunov. Whereas earlier defeats had produced in Rachmaninov creative defiance, this disappointment brought on a severe depression. For three years he was unable to do any significant composing. After consulting numerous physicians and advisors, even asking old Leo Tolstoy for help, he finally went for therapy and hypnosis in 1900 to Dr. Nikolay Dahl, an internist who studied hypnosis and rudimentary psychotherapy in Paris. The result was one of the first well-known successes of modern psychotherapy. Although the composer was able to return to creative work, relapses into depression dogged him for the rest of his life. Significantly, all his large instrumental compositions are in minor keys, and one of the melodic themes recurring in many of his compositions is theDies irae chant from the Catholic mass for the dead that reminds mourners of the terrors of the day of judgment.
Rachmaninov expressed his gratitude to Dr. Dahl by dedicating the Second Piano Concerto to him. The first performance of the complete work took place in November 1901with the composer at the piano and was an instant success. It is Rachmaninov's most frequently performed and recorded orchestral work and its popularity has never waned. It even found its way into Hollywood as background music to the World War II movie Brief Encounter.
The first movement, moderato, opens with dark unaccompanied chords on the piano, which increase in intensity and are gradually joined by the orchestra, leading to the first theme. The effect is like the tolling of the giant low-pitched bells common in Russian churches. The piano introduces the sensuous second theme, one of the composer's signature melodies. About halfway through the movement as the development continues, a new rhythmic figure makes its appearance , first as a barely audible accompaniment figure in the flute, then taken up in the piano and timpani as an accompaniment to the second theme. Increasingly, it crops up all over the orchestra until the piano pounds it out, letting the rest of the orchestra carry the recapitulation of the main theme. A long rhapsodic coda concludes the movement with a final dramatic burst of energy.
The second movement opens with muted strings, following with hesitant piano arpeggios in left hand. As the piano remains in the background joined by a solo flute the clarinet finally brings out the theme in its entirety. The middle section of this ABA form centers on a second theme, which is built on the first and belongs to the piano. Typically of the middle sections of slow movements, it is more intense and passionate than the A section. It builds in speed and energy in a brief cadenza, after which the gentle atmosphere of the beginning return with variations of the first theme.
The brilliant third movement is characterized by abrupt changes in mood, all based on two themes. It opens deceptively quietly in the lower range of the orchestra, breaking into a sudden sparkling, drivingly rhythmic piano cadenza and finally the main theme. The second theme, introduced by the violas and oboes, is intensely passionate, and another of the melodies that have made this Concerto so popular. To conform to this new romantic mood, Rachmaninov rhythmically transforms his first theme. Suddenly, the tempo increases to presto and we're in a whirlwind development of the first theme, including a little truncated fugue. Then it's back to romantic second theme, more mood swings until after a short cadenza the second romantic theme is taken up by the highest instruments in the orchestra, culminating in a glittering climax. 
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 |  |  | | Copyright © Elizabeth and Joseph Kahn 2010 | |